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Part Three
1920 - 1921
On January 1, 1920, the Fraternity consisted of 36 active chapters. Immediately following the Twenty-first Convention, which had endorsed the establishment of the Central Office and made the Grand Secretary almost a full-time officer, the Bureau of Extension of the Central Office was established. The next two years were to see the phenomenal growth of 1905-06 under Dal P. Curry repeated. Albert F. Saunders, of Sigma Chapter, who accepted the position of chairman of the new bureau, early gave evidence of his ability with the establishment of Upsilon Sigma at Columbia and, encouraged by the individual work of the Grand Secretary in Minnesota, organized the extension forces of the Fraternity to such a point of efficiency that before July 1, 1922, the Fraternity numbered 50 active chapters. Associated with Saunders on the Bureau of Extension, in addition to the Grand Secretary, were Gordon C. Ussery, of Sigma; C. S. Webber, of Delta; and Eben J. Carey, of the Trustees. When the Twenty-second Convention convened in Cincinnati, as the guest of Upsilon Zeta the following new chapters had been established: Kappa Rho (April 10, 1920), Delta Pi (May 14, 1920), Kappa Chi (May 22, 1920), Upsilon Sigma (October 12, 1920), Epsilon Chi (January 22, 1921), Beta Chi (April 8, 1921), Tau Beta (June 6, 1921), Sigma Delta (November 9, 1921), Rho Delta (November 15, 1921), Eta Upsilon (November 17, 1921), Beta Upsilon (November 18, 1921); and the following revivals: Beta (October 7, 1920), Iota (December 18, 1920), Epsilon (November 1, 1921). The following chapters were installed immediately after the Convention: Epsilon Delta (February 25, 1922), Lambda Rho (revival—March 15, 1922), and Beta Mu (May 15, 1922). In the two years from the Twenty-first to Twenty-second Conventions, the Fraternity added 14 new chapters, saw the revival of two chapters and the establishment of several alumni associations and became the leading medical fraternity in point of Chapters and membership.
Also during this two-year interval, the plan of holding district conventions went into full swing with two sectional sessions being held; Alpha at Boston Massachusetts, and Gamma at Chicago, Illinois.
First was that of Gamma District on December 31, 1920, held at Rho Chapter House. This was the first meeting for this district. Delegates from 11 chapters, as well as National Officers W. M. Fields, Grand Presiding Junior; Eben J. Carey Chairman, Executive Trustees; C. J. Reilly, Junior Associate Editor; and T. B. Pearson, Grand Secretary; and many brothers from the Chicago chapters were present. W. P. B. Nemzek, Chi Upsilon, was elected District Presiding Senior. The Convention concerned itself primarily with organizational details and methods of planning for the future. Constructively, it passed resolutions favoring an official recognition pin; that every Phi Chi be required to own and wears an official badge; recommended the establishment of a plan for financing the travel expenses of the Grand Secretary to individual chapters at least biennially. Phi Rho at St. Louis was selected as the meeting place for Gamma District in 1922-23.
The second meeting of Alpha District was held at the Phi Chi House, Boston, Massachusetts, January 3, 1921. Delegates from eight chapters and National Officers Ralph E. Duncan, Grand Presiding Senior; Gordon C. Ussery, District Presiding Senior; and Albert F. Saunders, Chairman of the Bureau of Extension, were present. Cordon C. Ussery, District Presiding Senior, served as chairman. Among other resolutions dealing primarily with Alpha District Convention improvements, this meeting endorsed that the Directory tax be $1 per annum, the QPGS be $10 to each initiate, that delegates be reelected to succeeding conventions (district and national) in order that an experienced man represent the chapter, a pro rata from chapters to establish a general fund nationally to defray expenses of Grand Chapter officers for chapter visits, extension of the Fraternity to Harvard, Boston University, Rochester, New York, and Cornell. The l923 Alpha District Convention was invited to Washington, D. C., by Kappa. Brother Charles S. Webber, Delta, was elected District Presiding Senior for 1921-23.
The Trustees, acting within their power, accepted the recommendations of these districts and after a referendum to the chapters, ordered the QPGS to life; the Directory tax to $1; and that each member of Phi Chi, as he enters the Fraternity, shall purchase an official badge.
The Twenty-second Convention, Cincinnati, December 29-31, 1921, devoted its time to improving the Constitution and formulating rules for chapter house ownership, as well as effecting legislation recommended by the District Conventions. Enthused with the unparalleled success of the Bureau of Extension, the delegates became vitally interested in chapter house occupancy and ownership. The Executive Trustees were specifically directed to establish a Chapter House Campaign Committee to (a) stimulate interest in every chapter to organize a building fund; (b) suggest means for conducting chapter house campaigns among the alumni of the Fraternity; and (c) furnish plans, blueprints, and estimates of various types of fraternity homes. This enthusiasm became so contagious that July 1922, found the following chapters in their own homes: Gamma, Epsilon Chi, Zeta, Kappa, Kappa Delta, Kappa Upsilon, Kappa Chi, Kappa Rho, Pi, Pi Delta Phi, Rho, Sigma, Sigma Delta, Tau Beta, Upsilon Zeta, Upsilon Iota, Upsilon Nu, Upsilon Pi, Phi Rho, Chi, Chi Upsilon, and Psi. The Bureau of Extension was urged to investigate the possibility of establishing chapters in some of the Canadian medical schools as well as the few remaining schools of this country.
The delegates accepted many of the recommendations of the District Conventions—they endorsed the affirmative vote of the referendum establishing a life-time QUARTERLY postgraduate subscription at $10 as well as a Directory tax of $1; the mandatory purchase of a standard official badge by each initiate was achieved by the inclusion of the cost of the badge in the initiation fee; and a limited expense account was established for biennial visits of the Grand Secretary to the chapters.
Probably one of the most important acts of the Convention was to make the Grand Secretary a full-time officer and establishing his term office at six years, thus assuring the Fraternity the undivided attention of that officer. This set a precedent in professional fraternities, a thing Phi Chi had been doing since its foundation in 1889. The Convention was so appreciative of the effectiveness and importance of the Central Office and the efficiency of an incumbent Grand Secretary, that it concerned itself should Pearson become disabled. In the words of Convention: "Whereas, the fraternity cannot but realize that fact that . . . administration of practically all affairs vital to its existence are in the care of one who though extremely competent is nevertheless mortal and hence subject to disability, and since this disability could not possibly avoid causing untold confusion in the fraternity's business of all description, Therefore, Be It Resolved: That this Convention does instruct its incoming officers to remedy this hazardous state of affairs by taking such steps as they shall see fit."
1922 - 1923
The two years following the Cincinnati Convention saw the Fraternity showing progress in a materialistic way. The officers heading the organization were not only interested in development and expansion but were also capable of effecting progress of a concrete nature. With the laudations and confidence given them by the Convention, they delved into their duties and obligations with fervor comparable to that of periods of the early days. Pearson was especially proud of the advancements made by the Central Office and continued to enthusiastically expand its now ever increasing functions. Carey, now known for his great wisdom in matters fraternal as well as his conservatism in all matters of policy, and his personality certainly an exemplification of brotherly love, was recognized nationally by all groups. Probably the outstanding “pusher” of this period was Saunders, who plunged again into the expansion program in unparalleled activity, and made this another aggressive and outstanding two-year interval. A most notable event was the Pi Mu merger, which came between the Conventions and was brought to a conclusion by the Executive Trustees.
In November, 1921, Dave F. Dozier, Pi Delta Phi '26, of Phi Chi and J. P. Williams of Pi Mu jointly instituted unofficial negotiations for a merger of Pi Mu (founded December 13, 1892, at the University of Virginia) and Phi Chi. This conference culminated in an agreement of merger signed October 7, 1922, in Richmond, Virginia, by Albert F. Saunders for Phi Chi and J. Blair Fitts for Pi Mu. Also participating in the arrangements of merger were Dave F. Dozier, Pi Delta Phi, and William I. Owens, Theta Eta, for Phi Chi and J. P. Williams of Pi Mu. Under the arrangements of merger, the Beta and Gamma of Pi Mu members were initiated into Theta Eta of Phi Chi and Alpha of Pi Mu was installed as Pi Mu (Chapter) of Phi Chi, October 14, 1922. The alumni of Pi Mu became associate members of Pi Mu of Phi Chi: they were obligated to become life subscribers to the Phi Chi QUARTERLY and membership cards of Phi Chi were issued to those who so subscribed; the associate members were granted the right to wear the badge of Phi Chi although the Pi Mu official badge was to remain "official" for all Pi Mu alumni graduating prior to July l, 1922 (just as the Eastern Phi Chi badge was considered official for members graduating prior to 1905). The Pi Mu badge was a Greek cross with skull and bones at the center. The skull was set with emerald eyes and the letters "ΠM" displayed on the horizontal arm of the cross.
Through this amalgamation, Phi Chi received from Pi Mu all her interests and was free to accept any part of the Ritual and Constitution. Phi Chi also agreed to sponsor the Pi Mu honor system. Through this merger, Phi Chi attained a chapter roll of 51 and a membership of 12,180.
Saunders and his committee did not rest with this major accomplishment, however. Prior to the merger, they had recommended to the trustees and seen installed as chapters Epsilon Delta at Washington University (February 25, 1922), Lambda Rho at University of Arkansas (revival—March 15, 1922), Beta Mu at McGill University—Phi Chi's first Canadian chapter (May 15, 1922), and, following the merger, Omicron Kappa at University of Oklahoma (November 25, 1922), Gamma Sigma at Yale School of Medicine (December 2, 1922), Tau Omicron at University of Toronto (December 12, 1922), and Mu Gamma at University of Iowa (December 28, 1923).
It was during the year of l923 that Pearson in his enthusiasm as a full-time officer and his concept of the services a central office should render, completed a visit to every Phi Chi chapter, started three years previously. It was during these chapter visitations that he began his outstanding article "The Education of a Grand Secretary," detailing minutely his experiences and observations of each chapter, as well as many conclusions concerning the management and progress of Phi Chi and fraternities in general. This article attracted nation-wide attention and should be read by every initiate into Phi Chi. It is published in the February, May, and December, 1923 and May, 1924 QUARTERLIES. Pearson, with the assistance of Charles J. Reilly, Junior Associate Editor, also issued during this period an outstanding QUARTERLY entitled a "Homecoming" edition (April, 1922) which was basically a historic volume requiring ten months' preparation. It contained all the past Grand Chapter Officers' photographs and biographies and much information concerning all of the chapters.
It is easy to understand why the Twenty-third Grand Chapter Convention, Chicago, December 27-29, 1923, was heralded as the "Doodle" Convention. With such achievements as had transpired during these two years, the delegates assembled in the Auditorium Hotel, filled with confidence and in quite a different attitude than when the Fraternity had in this same hotel in 1909. The exuberance of the delegates gave one the impression that Phi Chi, now having almost reached its limit in one direction, was seeking to lay a new foundation for a structure of security and solidity. The Convention handled its business well. Its discussions were all constructive and not marred by sectional strife or clashes of personalities. Complete harmony existed between the chapters and the Central Office. The glowing achievements and efficiency of this office inspired the delegates to increase the salary of the Grand Secretary, as well as provide an additional fund for the Grand Secretary's visits.
The issue, which caused the greatest amount of discussion and aroused specific interest from every delegate, was that of a better means of financing conventions. Definitely, the pro rata system was out. It was neither equal nor fair. Its constitutional enforcement was not practical. Frankly, it just had not worked. Consequently, two new plans were brought forward. A minority group was in favor of an annual per capita tax, while a majority favored the plan presented by Sigma Theta--an initiate’s tax paid once--only once and collected easily at the time of initiation. So intense was the discussion that Presiding Officer Carey resolved the Convention into a Committee of the Whole to fully hear and iron out all the details. The final result was the adoption of the Sigma Theta plan whereby a convention fund would be assured by the payment of each member's obligation at the most opportune time—initiation.
Other legislation was primarily routine and of minor importance The Pi Mu merger was officially accepted; holding of District Conventions was made optional by a decision of the majority of chapters of the district; each chapter was required to buy a bound volume of the QUARTERLY each year.
The Convention readily recognized the practically unparalleled interest and accomplishments of one of its servants during the past several years and elected Albert F. Saunders, Grand Presiding Senior. Such an action could only be interpreted as an honor and a reward for a job well done. Saunders had shown his mettle, at times almost unassisted and with personal sacrifice to himself, in carrying on the work of the Bureau of Extension. The brotherly unity with Pi Mu was shown by the election of its delegate A. Proby Barrow, II, as Grand Presiding Junior. Carey was reelected to continue his services as Chairman of the Executive Trustees and Henry E. Swantz, Chairman of the Chicago Convention Committee, was made a member of the Executive Trustees.
1924 - 1925
That the fervor exhibited in 1922-23 and the exciting events of this period were not duplicated in 1924-25 does not mean that enthusiasm waned or progress stopped. Extension was basically impossible. The Officers had effected a well-integrated organization and worked methodically and in harmony. Each, through experience, knew his duties better and accomplished them without fanfare or controversy. The chapters were functioning smoothly; pledging was practically no longer a problem for any group; finances were all in the black; legislation of recent years pleased the chapters and enabled them to operate with ease. The revised Ritual, presented dramatically in a model initiation by the host chapters at the Chicago Convention, was enthusiastically received by all chapters and brought the members together in a closer bond of fraternalism. All was well in the Fraternity, and spirits were high. The Central Office continued its urgings for each chapter to have a house—rent, buy, or build. The appearance of the Third Quinquennial Directory (1925) told the story of progress; 12,169 initiated members as compared to 8,534 in the Second Edition. No wonder the chapters and those fortunate enough to be elected as delegates anxiously awaited the next conclave—1925—Montreal—Phi Chi's first trip across the border.
When the Twenty-fourth Grand Chapter Convention convened December 29, it was immediately outstanding in many respects and possessed of a character and dignity all its own. It truly exemplified the international aspects of the Fraternity. For the first time, insofar as past records show, special pullmans for the delegates were reserved from Chicago and Washington, D C.
Specifically, this Convention had two outstanding accomplishments—it was, to date, the largest officially attended meeting and did the least amount of unnecessary legislating. Will Rogers once said that no true American could meet without one taking a gavel, calling the other to order and "resolving" for somebody else to perform. This, the delegates did not do. Some are of the opinion that the amount of legislation enacted is a true gauge of a conventions work, but often the opposite is true. Conventions, at least to the historian are classed by what influence their acts have on the future rather than the coloring they give to the present or past. At Montreal there was again peace and harmony; the process of internationalization a quiet fusion. By the end of the first day you could not distinguish an American from a Canadian; the "Sir" of the latter falling from the lips of the former with equal facility. "Sandy" replaced "Sambo" in the humorous sallies and some say— "Scotch the place of shine.” The homogenous aspects of fraternalism as contrasted with the heterogeneous component of distance and customs has probably been nowhere better exemplified than in this meeting of North American kinsmen.
It has been noted that one of the outstanding features of this Convention was the paucity of unnecessary legislation. As one delves further into the records, the theme and thought of this meeting was at of internal improvement as the fraternal policy for the next few years. Keynoting this was the address of the Grand Presiding Senior, Albert F. Saunders, when he pled for improvements in chapter government rather than national domination and stressed the necessity of chapter homes to properly exemplify Phi Chi ideals.
The progress and solidity of fraternity at this time, as evidenced by the chapter reports, was a true testimonial to the leadership and efficiency of Pearson, Carey, and Saunders during the past few years. Fifty-four active chapters, chapter homes for the majority of the chapters, cash assets of over $19,000, a Directory recently published, increased recognition and constructive commendation for the QUARTERLY and the certification of Phi Chi's leadership in scholarship was a formidable array of achievements to place before this Convention.
The enthusiasm for District Conventions had waned. The sparking forces of the various areas for interim local meetings had not continued with the intensity of the past; and, when a resolution was introduced to repeal those sections of the Constitution and statutes concerning district conventions, it was passed without discussion. Perhaps this was a good thing, for no district meeting could in anyway build up to the fraternal enthusiasm of a Grand Chapter Convention. In retrospect too, these meetings probably only served to create some confusion, since their thoughts and recommendations could only be advisory and with waiting a full year for the forthcoming Grand Chapter meeting, many of the ideas were outmoded or otherwise cold. After all, why should chapters of an area meet together simply because of geographical location? Their problems were not necessarily mutual other than from the financial or organizational basis and these discussions could well be postponed until the big meeting. That the Grand Chapter was now a big meeting—must be a big meeting to be successful—was well embodied in the Convention's thought when it raised the Convention tax from $5 to $6 after Brother Moore of Sigma Upsilon pointed out that on this comparatively long haul the Convention fund was practically depleted by transportation vouchers only. This added approximately $1,500 to the Convention Fund and better enabled the Central Office to assure representation from each chapter at future meetings. The members of this Convention were quite exuberant about this accomplishment. Now they had, for the first time, provided a way and means by which no chapter could have a legitimate excuse for non-representation.
A progressive enactment of the Twenty-third Grand Chapter Convention, a song contest, had not been too fruitful nor resulted in the desired achievements and this convention voted to postpone it until a demand for such was shown by the chapters. (The $150 in prizes for Phi Chi songs the Grand Secretary was authorized to offer remains standing so far as the chronicler of this history knows and it is hoped that some members will yet produce compositions to claim this award.) Other enactments increased the Grand Secretary’s term of office to ten years and reelected him (Pearson) for that time; the Senior Associate Editor was given a stipend of $100 and his convention expenses paid.
Delegates voted this "the Convention of an epoch.” Likewise, they eulogized the courtesy and hospitality of our Canadian brothers of Beta Mu with the thought that it is only an imaginary line dividing our brotherhood.
1926 - 1927
The benevolence and harmony manifested at the Montreal Convention continued as the Executive Officers of the Fraternity carried on their responsibilities during 1926-27. Their experience enabled each to fulfill his obligations and assigned duties well and the minor problems that arose were correlated into satisfactory solutions resulting in expediency at the Central Office. The value and importance of a Central Office with a long-term, full-time executive was fully realized and unquestionably, the unity of the Fraternity, now larger than ever, was to a great measure due to the love and willingness of Pearson. He was unquestionably in his prime at this time. The hardships and problems of the past had educated him well and he was able to effect an organization of efficiency. A tireless worker of unceasing energy, he could command the many tentacles of his office with amazing diplomacy and yet be tolerant of irregularities and laxness on the part of some chapters.
This interim can be characterized as quietly progressive, marked with constructive accomplishment and embellished with fraternal happiness. The Third Quinquennial Directory was distributed shortly after the Convention. Its format was entirely changed and many new features were added. Perhaps the highest compliment paid to it was that many other fraternity directories appearing after its publication followed this form and arrangement. A new edition of the Ritual was also issued, marking the first revision since 1919. While no major changes there made in the ideals and principles of the Fraternity as exemplified in its ritualistic ceremonies, the minor changes in this edition were the result of a six-year study with various chapters and officers. The circulation of the QUARTERLY continued to increase and reached the 4,000 copies per issue. Two major changes were made in the editorial policy; chapter letters were deleted because of the difficulty of obtaining them and the stereotyped reports from "mechanical brain" chapter editors. As a substitute, Pearson experimented with the idea of portraying a chapter, its history, its activities, and its medical school as a semi-feature. His recorded words ably expressed his sincere desire to produce a magazine of quality. “Eventually, I hope we shall be able to issue a really commendable book—one that each member will prize and place each number in his library near his hearth where, when winter winds howl and the elements rage and the telephone lines are down, he can, in peace and calm, reread the chronicle of the boys and days when he was one of many striving to make Phi Chi the Fraternity of his heart's desire."
During the years 1926-27, 1,398 new members were admitted. On March 22, 1926, Theta Pi in the University of Mississippi and on June 2, 1927 Sigma Kappa in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina were installed. This brought the total chapters to 56. The latter is a revival of a former chapter of Phi Chi, Tau, which existed at the Medical College of the State of South Carolina from 1905 to l914 when the South Carolina State Legislature forbade fraternities the right to maintain chapters in state supported educational institutions. During its existence, Tau had admitted 111 members and it was primarily through the efforts of two of these, Drs. J. Sumter Rhame and Maguire, that the new chapter was reestablished.
On November l, 1927, a trademark grant was received from the government. The securing of such protection had been sought ever since the fraternity's design patent had expired a few years ago and could not be renewed. A trademark has a number of advantages. It is in perpetuity, that it can be renewed every 20 years forever or as long as Phi Chi or the U.S.A. exists. It prevents new fraternities from using our name and symbols on badges and other insignia. It prevents other than official jewelers from making our insignia and vending them to anyone who may pay the price without official concert.
This biennium ended with the 25th "Silver Jubilee" Grand Chapter Convention in Dallas, Texas, December 28-30, 1927. It continued the fraternal congeniality of the Montreal meeting and the past two years and, in the words of Pearson, could be chronicled as "one who loves his fellow men." There was little work to do. All laudable expansion had primarily been accomplished. The organizational functions of the national body and the Central Office had been ably carried on. The finances were sound. The officers worked in unison, and there were no sectional conflicts between the chapters. There were no major rational issues at stake and, with all of the chapters showing positive financial balances and desired pledge quotas fulfilled, there was little mood for serious consideration of the Twenty-fourth Convention's program of internal improvement. It seemed as if this had been accomplished. Nonetheless, this theme was spearheaded, propounded, and continued by Saunders with the admonition to build better and stronger by chapter house acquisition. The Convention's security and smugness was probably best demonstrated by voting unanimously after listening to chapter reports from one to six in the afternoon, to abolish the custom. The sad feature of such an action was, as is so often the case, they failed to make provision for anything to take its place. That chapter reports of too detailed a nature are boring is not questioned, but no group as large as this can successfully convene and transact universal business without some report of either achievements of merit or problems seemingly unsolvable.
To rest on one's laurels frequently portends danger and disaster. This Convention, however, satisfied with the past and confident of the future, as manifested by its mandate to its officers to "go on" instead of enacting complicated and restrictive legislation, proved the wise course, as future history will show. The continued importance of the Central Office and the realization that Pearson was the "man for the job" was attested by the delegates' action in electing him to a life-time tenure of office and at the same time increasing his salary and appropriating more money for Central Office functions. The only other legislation of consequence was that of the establishment of the Student Loan Fund, whereby voluntary small donations from both alumni and actives would be used to tide over the emergency of a needy student. Established also was a Bureau of Hospital Information whose prime purpose was to ascertain statistical information relative to internships and residencies. A major decision by the delegates was to take the Twenty-sixth Grand Chapter Convention to San Francisco; thereby paying a debt owed the West Coast since 1915. Though hazardous from a financial standpoint under the new Convention tax system, which had not as yet had the opportunity of accumulating any surplus, it was a gesture satisfactory to all and the desire to show the supremacy of Phi Chi continentally.
1928 - 1931
Even though the delegates at Dallas were content with the past progress and current status of the Fraternity, the executive officers and trustees did not decrease their efforts for improvement and what little expansion remained. To the historian, complacency seems to be a dangerous state in any organization. A period of solvency and security is not always compatible with activity and progress. When there are no problems or difficulties, the tendency seems to be "to coast" and often neglect to plan for possible adversities of the future. While the Twenty-fifth Convention was neither mandatory nor dictatorial, the incumbent officers, experienced in the fraternity's past difficulties and problems, were reelected and did not cease their activities. Saunders and Pearson quietly proceeded with expansion and installed Nu Sigma, Dalhousie (December 15, 1928); Delta Phi, Southern California (February 26, 1929—a revival of Iota Pi which surrendered its charter in 1925); Theta Beta Pi, Syracuse (March 20, 1929); Delta Kappa Upsilon, University of Kansas (October 15, 1929); Delta Upsilon, Duke (May 18, 1930); Alpha Phi Sigma of Georgia (September 28, 1931); and Lambda Sigma, Louisiana State University Medial Center (November, 1932).
As the functions of the Central Office expanded and became more efficient, we find the fraternity's administration simplified and personalities subdued. This period was not marked by crusaders or other outstanding characters. The unity of the Fraternity continued to be cemented by the ever-increasing quality and content of the QUARTERLY. Supplementing the QUARTERLY was the Grand Secretary’s circular letters, started some time previously, which by frequent issues kept the chapters in close contact with Central Office. From careful perusal of the QUARTERLIES of this period, the chapters appear to have developed a greater degree of self-sufficiency and initiative. A great increase in fraternal interest and pride is noted. Likewise, chapter activities in the form of alumni contact progressed; participation in interfraternity and intra-school activities increased; and a trend toward sponsoring lectureships and scientific gatherings developed.
The Dallas delegates voted to take the next Convention to San Francisco; they did not, however, specify the time of its meeting other than to recommend that because of the distance it would probably be better to have the meeting during the summer. It was left to the decision of the Executive Trustees to name the date and this was first set for August 1930. About a year prior to this date, it became evident that the Convention Fund would not be adequate to transport the delegates on the long haul by 1930 and the meeting was postponed for one year—1931.
Regretfully the historian must chronicle tragedy before the San Francisco Convention. In late 1930, the Grand Secretary suffered an extended illness, which later led to a cerebral hemorrhage resulting in a partial hemiplegia. In addition, Doctor Pearson had added to this burden the bereavement of the death of his wife, Ethel Dunham Pearson, on May 29, 1931. This constituted a serious blow to the efficiency of the Central Office, for she had during the past 25 years aided in a major way with the many details involved in the processing of the PHI CHI QUARTERLY and Directory. It was, therefore, with deep grief and handicap that Pearson came to the San Francisco Convention. Despite this, his interest and devotion to the Fraternity had not waned; he was as much in control of the Fraternity’s status and needs as ever; his ably thought out suggestions and plans as well as his dominating personality continued.
The Twenty-sixth Grand Chapter Convention was the first four-day meeting in the fraternity's history—August 25-28, 1931. From the moment of its opening session, it assumed a more serious tone than any previous one for years. This despite the fact that no problems of consequence were being carried to the meeting by the delegates. It was the realization that Pearson was physically handicapped that cast a pall over the assemblage. However, his report of the interim citing the progress in expansion, the activities of the Central Office, the financial status of the Fraternity and suggestions and admonitions for the future, soon dispelled any thought that his interest in Phi Chi had lessened. The achievement of the Grand Chapter in financing the expenses of this Convention and the announcement that Phi Chi is the only medical fraternity to do so, prompted the delegates to readily accept his recommendation that the Convention tax be increased to $10 per initiate. Likewise, they passed without hesitancy an increase of $5 to the QUARTERLY Post Graduate Subscription when he evaluated the increased size and circulation of the QUARTERLY. To further sustain Central Office activities, the Grand Chapter dues were raised to $5.
The Convention assumed primarily an educational trend concerning pledging, in its many phases. Premedical pledging, a problem of current concern and bearing recommendations of the Medical Interfraternity Conference, was thoroughly and heatedly discussed.
Passed unanimously was a memorial resolution expressing the fraternity's sorrow in the death of Mrs. Ethel Dunham Pearson and its appreciation of her untiring efforts and loyalty toward its ideals and achievements. It also authorized the erection of a memorial to her memory.
For Pearson, it seemed the Fraternity could do no more. It had already granted him life tenure of office. His salary had been biennially increased. He had been enabled to be known by every active member of the Fraternity by the provision of a traveling expense account. His sound reasoning and progressive polices, accepted repeatedly by the Conventions, gained for him renowned as a fraternity leader and executive. This Convention was at a loss to express itself. Realizing his incapacity, the delegates unanimously officially enacted and personally contributed to the purchase of a suitably engraved cane as a token of their esteem and friendship.
With the depletion of the Convention Fund by the 'Frisco haul, the delegates were urged to select a central eastern location for the next meeting and Philadelphia, with three chapters, succeeded in winning over Indianapolis.
1932 - 1935
The closing of the Convention in ‘Frisco again marked an era in Phi Chi’s history. This time it was one of an entirely different nature than had been previously experienced. For many years, the Fraternity had leaned heavily on Pearson’s unselfish devotion and his untiring willingness to serve. In a sense it might be said that since the Twenty-second Convention when he was first elected as a full-time officer, Pearson was the Fraternity, for necessity (as well as ability) forced him to be self sufficient unto all aspects of the organization’s interests. It was well realized by those who knew him best that he was seriously handicapped, physically even though not mentally nor inspirationally, and only then was the wisdom of the Twenty-second Convention’s thoughts realized—that no one individual should be so solely responsible for so many obligation of such a magnitude. Yet no provision had been made toward such an eventuality. Consequently, Pearson carried on—efficiently, effectively, and systematically but without that sparking vitality and enthusiastic verbosity that had characterized him in the past. Gone from the QUARTERLIES were his many articles, the interpretation of affairs fraternal, the pleading for closer brotherhood, and his critical constructive surveys of current events. Yet he did not complain; he did not ask for additional assistance, nor did he fail to continue to fulfill his obligations except that of chapter visiting. If his spirit had been daunted, one did not know it except for reading between the lines.
Prophetical were Pearson's words to his closest associates at 'Frisco— "This will be my last Convention" —for on the afternoon of December 12, 1932, he answered his last invitation for a chapter visit when he fell in the downtown section of Nicholasville, Kentucky, and died almost instantly from cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried on December 14 with Drs. Eben J. Carey, Fred L. Koontz, and Albert F. Saunders of Phi Chi and others as casket bearers.
On December 19-21, 1932, an Emergency Session of the Executive Trustees was held at the Central Office in Nicholasville, Kentucky, for the purpose of accomplishing the necessary reorganization of the Central Office responsibilities and official duty assignments. Assembled were Eben J. Carey, Chairman, Executive Trustees; Albert F. Saunders, Grand Presiding Senior; Charles Edward Cocks, Grand Presiding Junior (by legal proxy); J. W. P. Love, Member, Executive Trustees (by legal proxy); and Wallace B. Hamby, Senior Associate Editor. With no suitable person to replace the late Grand Presiding Secretary, it was decided expedient to divide the duties of the Central Office in the interim until the next Grand Chapter Convention in that Doctor Carey assumed the editorship of the PHI CHI QUARTERLY and became Grand Treasurer in addition to his capacity as Chairman of the Executive Trustees; Albert F. Saunders to become acting Grand Secretary; Charles Edward Cocks to become Grand Presiding Senior; Wallace B. Hamby to become Grand Presiding Junior, and J. W. P. Love to retain his status as a member of the Executive Trustees. The Central Office of Phi Chi was moved to Valdosta, Georgia.
The Trustees in this Executive Session also provided for a suitable monument to the memory of Doctor Pearson and decreed that the March, 1933, issue of the QUARTERLY would be a memorial volume to the life and leadership of the former Grand Secretary.
On this same day, and almost at the same hour as Pearson's death, another former official of Phi Chi passed into the Chapter Eternal. Dr. Alfred Henry, Mu '07, tenth Grand Presiding Senior, died of angina pectoris at his home in Indianapolis, Indiana.
During the period between this time and the next Convention, three new chapters were introduced into Phi Chi—Gamma Chi, West Virginia University (December 17, 1933); Omega Upsilon Phi, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, N. Y. (May 26, 1934), and Tau Kappa, Wake Forest College (May 17, 1935). The organization chartered as Gamma Chi had existed as a local known as the "Phi Chi Club" on the University of West Virginia campus since 1924 when their petition for a charter was not accepted by the University.
Following Pearson's death, the officers carried on their new duties effectively. Fortunately, the close liaison and cooperation between them in years past made these new duties less difficult, for each was well aware of all of the fraternity's activities. The multiple and varied capabilities of Carey enabled him to edit the QUARTERLY in a masterful way and his sound financial judgment ably fitted him for the responsibilities of Treasurer. Probably the most difficult task of all befell Saunders, who, in addition to being confronted with the many details of a Central Office involving records of over 17,000 members, was soon to learn that a new and unprecedented problem faced the organization. The depression was in its full force. The fraternity's finances were considerably depleted by the extravaganza (it has been termed by some the fraternity's debauchery) of the 'Frisco Convention and the anticipated plan of restoring the treasury to its former state was just not possible. Many students did well to stay in school--some could not pay even chapter dues, much less national dues. While it is not recorded in official records, the historian knows that in many instances the Executive Officers considered many cases individually as well as the problem of a chapter and temporarily excused or decreased the dues in order to preserve the organization. In addition, numerous recessions in administrative expenditures were instituted to conserve funds and as a final move, the Twenty-seventh Grand Chapter meeting scheduled for December 1934, was postponed until 1935.
One long considered and discussed project of the Fraternity saw its birth during this period—the Phi Chi Placement Bureau. Saunders had long urged the formation of such a clearinghouse of information for students, interns, and residents, but like so many laudable projects, a long term of consideration must precede enactment. It is probably unfortunate that this bureau was started just at this time, for there were no funds available to give it the impetus it needed for wide expansion. However, Saunders' enthusiasm and Carey's wide association among medical school deans and administrators enabled it to be carried on effectively.
The Twenty-seventh Grand Chapter Convention got off to a bad start. A blizzard over the entire eastern portion of the U. S. delayed train arrivals so much that the Convention could not be opened until mid-afternoon because of the lack of a quorum. In addition, it was a Convention of problems. There was confidence but not jubilance. The carefree attitude of the 'Frisco and Dallas Conventions no longer prevailed. The delegates assembled were serious, and each portfolio contained questions to be answered. All were practically uniform however—the effects of the depression were still being manifested. While no chapter was in serious difficulty, all were concerned with their decreased surpluses and uncertain future. Perhaps this was well, for it brought into being the need of closer fraternal cooperation and planning. Little legislation was enacted—in fact, little was needed—but in contrast to the previous two conventions, the delegates insisted that their reports and problems be not only heard but thoroughly discussed The adage “misery loves company” was never more true, yet when the agenda had been completed a greater feeling of security existed when all groups found their problems were essentially mutual and unquestionably each delegate returned to his chapter with a greater confidence and the realization that conservatism, judicious planning, and cooperation were the answer to stability and security.
The Convention confirmed the action of the Emergency Session of the Executive Trustees and reelected Saunders and Carey to their new positions. Hamby was named Grand Presiding Senior; J. W. P. Love, Grand Presiding Junior; and Jacob E. Reisch, Upsilon Iota '28, Member, Executive Trustees.
The Phi Chi Placement Bureau, established during the interim by the Executive Trustees, was officially authorized. The chapter letter section of the QUARTERLY, which had been the brunt of much discussion and questioned value during the past few years, was ordered retained. One step farther in the placing of a bound volume of the QUARTERLY in each chapter library was made when the Convention resolved that an assessment be made on each chapter each year to cover the cost of such a volume. In planning for the Fraternity’s Fiftieth Anniversary, the Convention authorized the adaptation of that year's QUARTERLIES to such a volume commemorating the event.
It is interesting to note that at this early date the inroads of socialized medicine demanded the Conventions attention for a resolution was adopted "That the Phi Chi Medical Fraternity, Inc., take definite steps to combat literature being sent out as propaganda against organized medicine by having speakers address chapters and having the Fraternity publication carry vital articles to combat this subject."
After invitations from Atlantic City, Louisville, Chicago, Los Angeles, Memphis, and Baltimore for the Twenty-eighth Grand Chapter meeting were submitted, Memphis was selected.
1936 - 1938
The period between the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Grand Chapter Conventions is essentially devoid of events of importance or change. The administrative functions of the Fraternity were ably carried on by Saunders in the Central Office and Carey as the QUARTERLY Editor and Chairman of the Trustees. The chapters, now stabilized to a more conservative program, were better able to meet their obligations and make progress again. One new chapter was chartered--Alpha Mu at the State University of New York College of Medicine on May 5, 1938. The financial condition of the Grand Chapter showed improvement, but late in the fall of 1937 it became apparent to the Executive Trustees that to hold the Twenty-eighth Convention in December, 1937, as planned, would again put the treasury in a precarious situation. Consequently, they ordered the Convention postponed until the late summer or winter of 1938. In the spring of 1938, acting on the suggestions of several chapters, a late summer Convention was announced.
The Twenty-eighth Grand Chapter Convention convened on August 18-20 at Memphis. It was probably one of the least efficient and beneficial Conventions of the Fraternity in quite some time. Many of the original delegates selected at the close of the school year were unable to be present and last minute substitutes were ill prepared to adequately represent their chapters. There was enthusiasm and interest, but the discussions and deliberations dealt with generalities rather than specific problems and difficulties. Unquestionably, meetings held during the school year bring to the convention floor a truer picture of the component units of the Fraternity than do vacation meetings, and consequently, many more ideas are carried back to the chapters when activities are current.
Legislation at this Convention was minimal and of a relatively minor nature. On the national level, the Executive Trustees were urged to arrange wherever possible Phi Chi gatherings at State and National Conventions. Numerous resolutions were passed concerning improvements and policies concerning pledging, chapter house campaigns, chapter house management, and alumni organizations.
The Convention again expressed its confidence in its officers by unanimously reelecting the incumbent officials whose term expired at this time. Reelected were Hamby, Grand Presiding Senior; Love, Grand Presiding Junior; and Reisch, Member, Executive Trustees. The terms of Saunders and Carey did not expire at this time.
Louisville, Kentucky, was selected as the meeting place for the next Grand Chapter Convention in a spirited contest between Indianapolis, Indiana; Dallas, Texas; Halifax, Nova Scotia; and Toronto, Ontario.
1939 - 1940
In 1940 the dictates of the Twenty-seventh Grand Chapter Convention to commemorate the fraternity's 50th Anniversary by publishing a special volume of the QUARTERLY was carried out with the "Golden Jubilee" volume. In the four issues of the 1940 QUARTERLY, eventually bound into a brown and gold cover, were complete histories, statistical information, membership listings, achievements and honors, pictures of chapter homes, and other various special information concerning each chapter. This monumental work can well be considered as a tribute to the interest and devotion of Carey to the Fraternity, for it necessitated much effort to not only obtain the various details but to verify and authenticate them, since in many instances chapter history was meager or misplaced. The volume was probably one of the greatest compilations of a large fraternity’s components of all time. Also at this time, both the Editor’s office and the Central Office were busy compiling a new issue of the Directory. This project was both statically simple and difficult, for while the Fraternity records were unquestionably more accurate and complete than ever before, the membership of now over 19,000 made the editing of this Directory more complicated and lengthy.
It was during the year of 1940 that rumors were heard of a major campaign and development in Texas. A group of alumni from Zeta was traveling statewide to contact the Texas Phi Chis to join in a project for a home for Zeta. Sparking forces in this development were Edward W. Griffey, Rho '24; Paul R. Stalnaker, Zeta '04; and William A. Smith, Zeta '24. While the voice of the newly formed Zeta of Phi Chi Benefit Association was heard loudly and repeatedly all through Texas, the Fraternity at large did not know of the vastness of this plan until Twenty-ninth Grand Chapter Convention in Louisville.
The efficiency of the executive officers in the management of the Fraternity’s financial affairs enabled the Twenty-ninth Grand Chapter Convention to convene in Louisville as scheduled—December 26-28, 1940. Outstanding feature of interest throughout the Convention and setting the pace for stimulation and enthusiasm was the glowing report of Griffey detailing the progress of the Zeta plan and the Zeta home. Such a stupendous event as this just had not happened before. The delegates were awed and certainly had a new thought to carry home to their individual chapters. Again, no major legislation changing the Constitution or statutes was enacted. On the other hand, numerous resolutions symbolizing the renewed enthusiasm of activities and aggressiveness were passed. To the officers who had attended the Conventions of the past, it seemed as if a new vitality had developed—once again, there was driving force balanced with satisfaction of deeds accomplished. The delegates were not critical—they were anxious. Despite the realization that expansion at this time was practically impossible, there was still much that could be done in a constructive way internally. Zeta was proving that.
Interest in the national aspect of the Fraternity manifested itself by a resolution that each chapter be visited at least biennially by a Grand Chapter officer insofar as the fraternity's finances would permit. A desire for more efficient chapter officers was manifested by a motion for revision of the Officers Manual to detail in specific form the obligations of such officers. Reactivation of the formerly established (but unsuccessful) Student Loan Fund by a volunteer alumni donation of $3 per year was urged.
Contesting for the Thirtieth Grand Chapter Convention were Zeta, Galveston; Tau Omicron, Toronto; Omicron and Lambda Sigma, New Orleans; and Kappa Chi, Minneapolis. New Orleans was selected.
Elected to serve the Fraternity in official capacity until the next Grand Chapter meeting were Jacob E. Reisch, Grand Presiding Senior; Matthew Marks, Alpha Alpha '41 Grand Presiding Junior, who resigned in favor of Dougal M. Dollar Alpha Alpha '33; Robert S. Sherman, Jr., Pi Delta Phi '42, Member, Executive Trustees. Incumbents Albert F. Saunders, Grand Secretary, and Eben J. Carey, Chairman, Executive Trustees and Editor of the QUARTERLY, were reelected for an eight-year term.
The Convention adjourned in high spirits. What Zeta had done others could do. A way—the method—had been shown. Little did the delegates realize the events to befall the world in the next year.
1941 - 1947
The enthusiasm sparked at Louisville by Zeta's stupendous project stirred the thinking of all the chapters during 1941. For years, there had been talk—but only talk—of what alumni cooperation and assistance could accomplish. Now it had been graphically demonstrated and most chapters began to seek closer active-alumni ties. Plans of many types and activities in varied intensity developed. The enthusiasm resulted in increased activity and incentive in the chapters. Pledging was spurred into sincere and concerted efforts. This increase of fraternal spirit resulted in closer cooperation of the chapters with the Central Office. Dues among the members were more easily collected by the chapters and, consequently, national returns increased. Saunders continued his excellent work as Grand Secretary, devoting his attention to improved methods of rushing and pledging, since his main forte of the past—expansion—was practically at a standstill. Carey's value to the Fraternity became more apparent as his appearances at chapter functions increased; his eloquence, his logic and his sincerity as well as his scientific accomplishments, made him the fraternity's outstanding leader. Reisch, in his capacity as Grand Presiding Senior, fulfilled his obligations by visiting many chapters and assisting in the editorship of the QUARTERLY. His foundation had been well established, having been active in various phases of Grand Chapter work since his first convention—Montreal, 1925—where he represented Upsilon Iota and was assistant Grand Secretary. It is of interest to note that he probably has the honor of initiating into the Fraternity more pledges than any other one individual, having conducted the Quadra-Chapter initiations in Chicago from 1934 to 1942.
The Thirtieth Grand Chapter Convention was set for New Orleans, December 26-28, 1942, but in the summer of '42, it became apparent that it would be not only unwise and unpatriotic but also practically impossible to convene the delegates because of the World War II conflict. Travel restrictions as well as the need of hotel space for the military led the Executive Trustees, early in the fall, to announce the indefinite postponement of the Convention. The Executive Trustees at this time also realized the uncertainties of the future, both as to the indefinite status in which medical students might find themselves relative to military obligations and the resultant effect upon size of chapters and the maintenance of houses. A wartime emergency policy was adopted to have an annual meeting of the executive officers and to restrict chapter visitation as much as possible. Carey’s responsibilities increased monumentally with the accelerated program of medical education and greatly lessened his available time. Saunder’s load in private practice likewise increased with the loss of some of his associates to military service. Reisch entered military service in October 1942, and fortunately was stationed approximately 100 miles from the Central Office. He was able to make frequent visits there in addition to the annual meetings which, because of Carey's many obligations, had to be held between school sessions in late January.
Despite the turmoil of '42 and early '43, the Central Office was able to give an excellent report of progress. Initiations showed a 10 per cent increase above the previous year. The treasury was in the best financial condition in the history of the Fraternity. As a symbol of the Fraternity’s patriotism, the funds, which were not used for the 1942 convention, were invested in defense bonds. Another example depicting Phi Chis cooperation during this period was the decrease in the size of the QUARTERLY to 64 pages in an effort to conserve newsprint.
No events of outstanding importance occurred from 1942 to 1946. All was business and concerted effort. The administrative affairs of the Fraternity were handled routinely and efficiently despite a shortage of help. The QUARTERLY was published regularly and contained much concerning the military activities of the members.
In 1946 it became apparent that the lifting of travel and other restrictions would make it possible to hold a convention; an unsuccessful attempt was made to secure reservations in New Orleans (and elsewhere) for the meeting. When it was also determined that a Christmas holiday vacation date could not be secured in New Orleans for 1947, the Executive Trustees, feeling that it was the wish of the delegates at Louisville to meet in the south, scheduled the Convention at Atlanta, Georgia, for December, 1947.
During the early summer of 1947, a great misfortune befell the Fraternity in the death of Eben J. Carey. Stricken with a viral hepatitis only two weeks prior to his death on June 5, all efforts of some of the country's best consultants were futile to save the life of this renowned researcher, respected dean, and beloved fraternity brother. It was the opinion of many that undoubtedly his demise was as much a casualty of the war as was that of the soldier killed in action, for his untiring efforts during the preceding four or five years had known no limitations. He had responded to every call given him and each added responsibility seemed to make him more indispensable to his country, his school, the medical profession and the Fraternity. Though he paid the supreme sacrifice, it can be said that he did so willingly and unselfishly, a true exemplification of the Fraternity’s motto ''Phthanomen Chraismein."
The Executive Trustees, as an emergency measure, appointed Reisch as the Acting Editor of the QUARTERLY until the meeting of the Thirtieth Grand Chapter Convention. His first issue, October 1947, a 216-page memorial edition to Eben J. Carey, was acclaimed as one of the greatest memorial tributes ever published in the fraternity world.
The Thirtieth Grand Chapter Convention met as scheduled in Atlanta, December 27-29, 1947. This was the second time the Grand Chapter had assembled in Atlanta the Thirteenth Convention having met there December 31, 1908-January 1-2, 1909. It was a convention of organization and education. Seven years had elapsed since a Grand Chapter meeting and the delegates little realized the responsibilities and obligations accorded them. To the actives of these years, there had been nothing tangible of the national organization. That it existed, they knew; that it functioned, they realized; how it worked was almost mythical. Unquestionably, these factors added much to the success of the Convention from the cooperative standpoint, for each delegate was eager to learn more of the organization he represented. The magnificent southern hospitality of the hosts, Sigma Chapter and the Atlanta Alumni Association, stimulated but did not over-shadow the serious deliberations and accomplishments of the meeting.
Legislation was in profusion. It was all necessary and wholesomely constructive. Many minor resolutions served to bring many matters of the seven-year interim to current status, but the major legislation stands to have long and far-reaching effect on the fraternity's stability, growth and value. A new merger was possible—Phi Alpha Gamma, with active chapters in New York (Alpha) and Philadelphia (Gamma). Preliminary details of amalgamation had been worked out by Saunders and these the convention approved with instructions to the Executive Trustees to complete the merger. The long discussed international Alumni Association became a matter of reality when the delegates unanimously approved a plan presented by Griffey, Texas Alumni delegate, for a Phi Chi Welfare Association and instructed the Executive Trustees to draw up a charter, articles of incorporation, by-laws, and other regulations necessary to implement the establishing and functioning of such an organization. The delegates also established a precedent unique in the fraternity world when they authorized the Trustees to effect an Eben J. Carey Memorial Award plaque based upon scholastic achievement in the study of anatomy among Phi Chi freshman.
Spirited interest took place in the invitations for the next convention. New York, Philadelphia, and Texas were equally anxious. The Texas lure was too great. Everyone wanted to see the dream that had come true – Zeta’s new home at Galveston and the additional promise of one day of the Convention at the country’s new spectacular hotel, The Shamrock at Houston, overshadowed all other incentives.
Elected as Grand Presiding Senior was Dougal M. Dollar who had served as Grand Presiding Junior since 1940; Don F. Cathcart, Omicron ’29, Grand Presiding Junior who was one of the men responsible for the Atlanta arrangements of the Convention; Albert F. Saunders, incumbent Grand Secretary, for an eight-year term; Reisch, Chairman, Executive Trustees and, upon the unanimous recommendation of the Publications Committee, Editor of the Phi Chi QUARTERLY for a term of eight years; and M. J. Carey, Phi Rho ’26, Omaha Alumni Association, Member, Executive Trustees.
Phi Chi’s History is not concluded. Nor has it been quiescent. It cannot, at the present, however, be properly brought to a more current date. To future historians will have to be left the obligation of crystallizing and evaluating the trends and motives of the recent present era. These will have to be considered and adjudicated by the influence they give to the Fraternity’s future rather than the coloring lent to the present or past.
This story of Phi Chi, as recorded, may be divided into two parts. Sections I and II are primarily revisions of data previously recorded - re-edited, rechecked for factuality and authenticity, and are not an expression of the opinions of, nor an evaluation by, the present author. Section III, 1920-1948, falls into the realm of the personal knowledge, remembrance, and activity of the writer. It is presented accurately from the official records and flavored without bias from actual observation and participation. Without opinion such a review would be a Frankenstein – mere figures and facts fail miserably to express the living quality of a fraternal organization.
To chronicle the history of a great fraternity, especially a professional one, devoted primarily to mankind through the medical arts and secondarily to the principles of brotherhood, is an experience never to be forgotten. It inherently inspires one to be of greater service to his brothers and makes fraternal ties more tangible. As Edwin Markham has said:
“There is a destiny that makes us brothers;
None goes his way alone;
All that we send into the lives of others
Comes back into our own.”
- Jacob E. Reisch, M.D.
